poker or chess, are also often referred to as metagames. According to Nigel Howard, this type of metagame is defined as a decision-making process that is derived from the analysis of possible outcomes in relation to external variables that change a problem. Such metagames include campaign role-playing games like Halo 3. One can play this type of metagame and choose which rules apply during the game itself, potentially changing the level of difficulty. Metagaming can also refer to a game that is used to create or change the rules while playing a game. This type of metagaming is often frowned upon in many role-playing game communities because it impairs game balance and equality of opportunity. In role-playing games, this means that someone with a higher level of knowledge is playing that is, that the player incorporates factors that are outside the actual framework of the game – the player has knowledge that was not acquired through experiencing the game, but through external sources. However, it has a different meaning depending on the context. "Metagaming", accordingly, refers to games about games. In a rule-based system, a metarule is a rule governing the application of other rules.
The modern sense of "an X about X" has given rise to concepts like " meta-cognition" (cognition about cognition), " meta-emotion" (emotion about emotion), " meta-discussion" (discussion about discussion), " meta-joke" (joke about jokes), and " metaprogramming" (writing programs that write programs). In psychology, metamemory refers to an individual's knowledge about whether or not they would remember something if they concentrated on recalling it. In a database, metadata is also data about data stored in a data dictionary, describing information (data) about database tables such as the table name, table owner, details about columns, etc. For example, metadata is data about data (who has produced them, when, what format the data are in and so on). In epistemology, and often in common use, the prefix meta- is used to mean about (its own category). For example, the term Metatheria (the name for the clade of marsupial mammals) uses the prefix meta- in the sense that the Metatheria occur on the tree of life adjacent to the Theria (the placental mammals). The use of the prefix in this sense occurs occasionally in scientific English terms derived from Greek. In Greek, the prefix meta- is generally less esoteric than in English Greek meta- is equivalent to the Latin words post- or ad.
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